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Apoptosis Activity & Detection Kits
 
Apoptosis is a vital part of life for all multicellular organisms. In the process of maintaining normal cellular homeostasis in vertebrates, apoptosis removes cells from circulation because they are infected, damaged, in excess, have lived out their physiological function, failed to develop properly, as well as participating in many aspects of developmental and reproductive biology.

The study of apoptosis (programmed cell death) has gained significant importance in human disease and its clinical management in the last few years (Reed, J. C. 2003 Cancer Res. 3 17.) Failure to regulate apoptosis is a common feature in several diseases including autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and AIDS. For these reasons it is very important for us to understand the apoptotic processes in cells. It is now well recognized that in vertebrates there are two main pathways for the induction of apoptosis, the extrinsic or receptor-mediated pathway, and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. Thus, both pathways can activate caspases, intracellular cysteine proteases, that exist as inactive procaspase precursors in the cytoplasm and upon activation are responsible for the cleavage of cellular substrates and the morphological changes attributed to apoptosis.

The receptor pathway is activated by the interaction of a specific death ligand with its cell surface death receptor. For example, FasL/CD95L, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) interact with their cognate receptor to induce a conformational change in the receptor. Following receptor engagement, in the case of FasL, an intracellular death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) is formed via recruitment of cytosolic proteins, such as Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) and caspase-8. Formation of the DISC leads to the activation of caspase-8, which can then activate caspase-3 and other downstream apoptotic pathways.

The mitochondrial pathway can be activated by a variety of stimuli, including growth factor withdrawal, heat shock, oncogene activation, DNA-damaging agents, as well as other cellular stresses. These agents cause the release of mitochondrial components, such as cytochrome c (Cyt c) from the mitochondria. Pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family associate with mitochondria and help direct the release of cytochrome c and other proteins. Following release of Cyt c, into the cytosol, it binds to the apoptosis protease-activating factor (Apaf-1) and in the presence of dATP, promotes its oligomerization. Pro-caspase-9 molecules can then bind to each of the Apaf-1 monomers via the caspase recruitment domain (CARD) forming a caspase-activating complex, called the apoptosome. Active caspase-9 can now participate in downstream caspase cascades to activate caspases-3, and –7.

Thus, in response to specific signals, mediated either via the receptor or mitochondrial pathway, cells undergo apoptosis, which is manifested by a number of distinctive biochemical and morphological changes. These biochemical and morphological changes are brought about by the activation of proteases, known as caspases. These changes provide markers that apoptosis has occurred and can be measured. Examples of these changes include plasma membrane blebbing, changes in the phospholipid asymmetry of the plasma membrane, release of components from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol as well as the depolarization of the mitochondria leading to dissipation of the electrochemical gradient (DYm) and uncoupling of the respiratory chain. activation of caspases and the cleavage of caspase substrates, and DNA fragmentation.

A significant beneficiary of apoptosis research is oncology, since most cancer cells have defects in their suicidal machinery. By better understanding these caspase activation pathways new therapeutic agents may be developed that would induce cancerous cells to die. On the other hand, pharmacologic interference with the induction or completion of apoptosis holds promise for the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders.
 
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 Cat. No.
Annexin V-Biotin Apoptosis Detection Kit II Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 20 Tests Fluorescence 1 h Intact cells CBA058
Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 100 Tests Fluorometric 15 - 30 min Intact cells PF032
Annexin V-Biotin Apoptosis Detection Kit Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 100 Tests Fluorescence 15 - 30 min Intact cells PF036
Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit II Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 20 Tests Fluorescence 30 min Intact cells CBA059
Annexin V-PE Apoptosis Detection Kit Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 25 or 100 Tests Fluorescence 15-30 min Intact cells CBA060
Apo-BrdU™ Kit Flow cytometry 60 Tests Fluorescence 4-5 h Cells CBA040
Apo-Direct™ Kit Flow cytometry 50 Tests Fluorescence 4-5 h Cells CBA041
Bcl-2 ELISA Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Colorimetric 3.5 h Cell lysates, tissue culture supernatant, sera, or plasma QIA23
Caspase Detection Kit (FITC-VAD-FMK) Flow Cytometry or Fluorimeter 100 Tests Fluorescence 1.5 h Intact cells QIA90
Caspase Detection Kit (Red-VAD-FMK) Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 100 Tests Fluorescence 1.5 h Intact cells QIA92
Caspase-1 Assay Kit, Colorimetric Cuvette or 96-well plate 100 Tests Colorimetric 2.5-3 h Cell lysates 218790
Caspase-1 Assay Kit, Fluorometric 96-well plate 100 Tests Fluorometric 3-3.5 h cell lysates 218791
Caspase-1 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Colorimetric 2.5-3 h Purified protein 218734
Caspase-2 Assay Kit, Colorimetric Cuvette or 96-well plate 100 Tests Colorimetric 2.5-3 h Cell lysates 218792
Caspase-2 Assay Kit, Fluorometric 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorometric 2.5-3 h Cell lysates 218793
Caspase-3 Activity Assay Kit, Fluorometric 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorometric 2.5-3 h Cell lysates QIA70
Caspase-3 Activity Assay Kit, HTS 96-well plate 100 or 500 Tests Fluorometric 3 h Cultured cells or purified protein HTS02
Caspase-3 Cellular Activity Assay Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorometric or colorimetric 2.5-3 h Cell extracts 235419
Caspase-3 Detection Kit (FITC-DEVD-FMK) Flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy 100 Tests Fluorescence 1.5 h Cultured cells QIA91
Caspase-3 Detection Kit (Red-DEVD-FMK) Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 100 Tests Fluorescence 1.5 h Cultured cells QIA93
Active Caspase-3 ELISA Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Colorimetric 3.5 h Cells CBA045
Caspase-3 Immunoassay/Activity Kit, Fluorometric 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorometric 6 h Cultured cells QIA107
Caspase-3 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorometric or Colorimetric 2 h Recombinant or purified caspase-3 235418
Caspase-3 Intracellular Activity Assay Kit I (PhiPhiLux® G1D2) Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 30 Tests Fluorescence 2 h Intact cells 235430
Caspase-3 Intracellular Activity Assay Kit II (PhiPhiLux® G2D2) Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 30 Tests Fluorescence 1.5-2 h Intact cells 235432
Caspase-5 Assay Kit, Colorimetric Cuvette or 96-well plate 100 Tests Colorimetric Cell lysate 218804
Caspase-6 Assay Kit, Colorimetric Cuvette or 96-well plate 100 Tests Colorimetric 1.5-2.5 h Cell lysate 218802
Caspase-7 Immunoassay/Activity Kit, Fluorometric 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorometric 6 h Cultured cells QIA108
Caspase-8 Activity Assay Kit, Fluorometric 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorometric 2-3 h Cell lysate QIA71
Caspase-8 Assay Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Colorimetric 2.5-3.5 h Purified protein or induced cell lysates 218770
Active Caspase-8 Assay Kit 96-well plate 182 Tests Fluorometric Cells CBA046
Caspase-8 Detection Kit (FITC-IETD-FMK) Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 100 Tests Fluorescence 1.5 h Intact cells QIA113
Caspase-8 Detection Kit (Red-IETD-FMK) Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 100 Tests Fluorescence 1.5 h Intact cells QIA114
Caspase-9 Activity Assay Kit, Fluorometric 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorescence 2-3 h Cell lysate QIA72
Caspase-9 Activity Assay, HTS 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorescence 3 h Purified protein, cell lysate, or cultured cells HTS04
Active Caspase-9 Assay Kit 96-well plate 480 Tests Fluorometric Cells CBA047
Caspase-9 Assay Kit, Colorimetric Cuvette or 96-well plate 100 Tests Colorimetric 2-3 h Cell lysate 218824
Caspase-9 Detection Kit (FITC-LEHD-FMK) Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 100 Tests Fluorescence 1.5 h Intact cells QIA115
Caspase-9 Detection Kit (Red-LEHD-FMK) Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 100 Tests Fluorescence 1.5 h Intact cells QIA116
Caspase-10 Assay Kit, Fluorometric 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorometric 2-3 h Cell lysates 218811
Cell Death Detection (Nuclear Matrix Protein) ELISA Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Colorimetric 4 h Tissue culture supernatant QIA20
InnoCyte™ Flow Cytometric Cytochrome c Release Kit Flow Cytometry, Immunofluorescence Microscopy 50 Cell stainings Fluorescence Intact Cells CBA077
Cytochrome c ELISA Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Colorimetric 4.5 h Cell lysates QIA74
Cytochrome c Release Apoptosis Assay Kit Immunoblot 100 Tests 4 h Cell Extracts QIA87
Fas Ligand ELISA Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Colorimetric 4 h Cell lysates, tissue culture medium, serum, and plasma QIA27
Fas/APO-1 ELISA Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Colorimetric 3.5 h cell lysates, tissue culture supernatant, serum, or plasma QIA24
FragEL™ DNA Fragmentation Detection Kit, Colorimetric - Klenow Enzyme Microscopy 50 Tests Colorimetric 4 h Frozen or paraffin sections or fixed-cell preparations QIA21
FragEL™ DNA Fragmentation Detection Kit, Colorimetric - TdT Enzyme Microscopy 50 Tests Colorimetric 4 h Frozen or paraffin sections or fixed-cell preparations QIA33
FragEL™ DNA Fragmentation Detection Kit, Fluorescent - TdT Enzyme Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 50 Tests Fluorescence 2 h Frozen or paraffin sections, fixed cell preparations or cell suspensions QIA39
Glutathione Apoptosis Assay Kit 96-well plate or cuvette 100 Tests Fluorometric 1.5-2 h Cell lysate QIA89
InnoZyme™ Granzyme B Immunocapture Activity Assay Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Fluorometric 7 - 30 h Cell lysates, tissue extracts, and body fluids CBA014
MitoCapture™ Apoptosis Detection Kit Flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy 100 Tests Fluorescence 30-60 min Cell suspension or adherent cells 475866
Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Reagents Set 475876
Nucleosome ELISA Kit 96-well plate 96 Tests Colorimetric 5 h Cell lysates QIA25
PARP Cleavage Detection Kit Immunoblot Immunoblot 5.5-6 h Cell extracts 512729
ProteoExtract® Cytosol/Mitochondria Fractionation Kit Cell extraction 100 Extractions Cells QIA88
Suicide Track™ DNA Ladder Isolation Kit Agarose gel electrophoresis 25 Extractions Ethidium bromide 27 h Adherent or suspension cells AM41
Survivin ELISA Kit 96-well plate 182 Tests Colorimetric 9-10 h Cells CBA048
XIAP ELISA Kit 96-well plate 182 Tests Colorimetric 7.5-8 h Cells CBA049
 
Related Resources
Apoptosis Pathway
Apoptosis Kits Selection Guide
 
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