ATA Red solid. A cell-permeable polyanionic, polyaromatic compound used as a powerful inhibitor of cellular processes that are dependent on the formation of protein-nucleic acid complexes. Binds to aFGF and reduces its angiogenic activity. Shown to inhibit apoptotic cell death in various cell types induced by a variety of factors. ATA is a potent inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II (IC50= 75 nM for the yeast enzyme as measured by relaxation assays) that also acts as a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Inhibits von Willebrand factor binding to platelets and reduces glutamate-induced neuronal injury. ATA stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinases, Shc proteins, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and phospholipase Cg. Inhibits both major calpain isoforms (IC50 = 22 µM and IC50 = 10 µM for µ-calpain and m-calpain, respectively). Dye content: ~85%. RTECS GU4790000, CAS 4431-00-9. Ref.: Lozano, R.M., et al. 1997. Eur. J. Biochem. 248, 30. Benchokroun, Y., et al. 1995. Biochem. Pharmacol. 49, 305. Okada, N., and Koizumi, S. 1995. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 16464. Posner, A., et al. 1995. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 36, 291. Catchpoole, D.R., et al. 1994. Anticancer Res. 14, 853. Csernansky, C.A., et al. 1994. J. Neurosci. Res. 38, 101. Gagliardi, A.R., and Collins, D.C. 1994. Anticancer Res. 14, 475. Gonzalez, R.G., et al. 1980. Biochemistry 19, 4299.
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